狠狠色丁香久久综合婷婷亚洲成人福利在线-欧美日韩在线观看免费-国产99久久久久久免费看-国产欧美在线一区二区三区-欧美精品一区二区三区免费观看-国内精品99亚洲免费高清

 作者： Marie-Laure Pype^a , Michael G. Lawrence^{a, b}, Jurg Keller^a, Wolfgang Gernjak^{a, c, d}

^a Advanced Water Management Centre, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia

^b Bligh Tanner Fortitude Valley, QLD 4006, Australia

^c Catalan Institution for Research and Advanced Studies (ICREA), Barcelona 08010, Spain

^d Catalan Institute for Water Research (ICRA), Girona 17003, Spain

 

摘要：A reverse osmosis (RO) process is often included in the treatment train to produce high quality reuse water from treated effluent for potable purposes because of its high removal efficiency for salinity and many inorganic and organic contaminants, and importantly, it also provides an excellent barrier for pathogens. In order to ensure the continued protection of public health from pathogen contamination, monitoring RO process integrity is necessary. Due to their small sizes, viruses are the most difficult class of pathogens to be removed in physical separation processes and therefore often considered the most challenging pathogen to monitor. To-date, there is a gap between the current log credit assigned to this process (determined by integrity testing approved by regulators) and its actual log removal capability as proven in a variety of laboratory and pilot studies. Hence, there is a challenge to establish a methodology that more closely links to the theoretical performance. In this review, after introducing the notion of risk management in water reuse, we provide an overview of existing and potentially new RO integrity monitoring techniques, highlight their strengths and drawbacks, and debate their applicability to full-scale treatment plants, which open to future research opportunities.